Objective: To explore the strategies that can help individuals mourning a family member’s death from Covid-19 to cope with the loss. Method: We carried out a narrative review on the PubCovid-19 platform using the descriptors “death,” “mourning,” “Covid-19,” and “coping strategies.” Ten articles were included. Results: The strategies found are phone calls, audio recording, letters, and photos, classified as immediate and long-term. These strategies are focused on mental health, which can be adversely affected by depression and psychological disorders. Conclusions: Creating (...) counseling programs for the relatives of those who died from Covid-19 is urgent. They must offer comprehensive, humanized, and continuous mental health care. (shrink)

In this paper I present a version of meaning holism proposed by Henry Jackman (1999a, 1999b, 2005 and 2015) entitled "moderate holism". I will argue that this moderate version of holism, in addition to responding to much of the criticism attributed to traditional semantic holism (such as translation, disagreement, change of mind and communication), is also extremely useful to explain the occurrence of several, such as vagueness and polysemy.

Music is a multifaceted discipline. It has repercussions in the most diverse areas of knowledge. It appears strongly in the development of education and philosophy since antiquity. As a representation of this importance we can find in Book VIII of Aristotle’s Politics an important argumentation about the role of music in the education of young people and adults in the polis. This paper will present an interpretation of Aristotle’s perspective on the role of music in education. -/- .

El holismo semántico es una teoría que está relacionada con los significados que se atribuyen a las palabras y sus relaciones con otras palabras en una lengua. En este trabajo se propone rehabilitar el holismo semántico como una posición filosófica razonable y presentar una versión del holismo semántico desarrollada por Henry Jackman – llamada “holismo semántico moderado”. Esta teoría es capaz de explicar algunos fenómenos lingüísticos, como la vaguedad, polisemia y ambigüedad, haciendo del holismo moderado una teoría útil no sólo (...) para la filosofía del lenguaje, sino también para los estudios de semántica lingüística. (shrink)

Holism is a well-known and discussed theory in several fields of philosophy, especially in the field of epistemology and the philosophy of language. Willard Van Orman Quine was one of the leading analytical philosophers to argue about this topic in the last 70 years. The objective of this paper is to present how Quine developed his holistic arguments, identifying the texts in which they appear, and finally to present our interpretation of how epistemological holism and meaning holism work in the (...) perspective of this so important American analytical philosopher, based on a new argumentation presented by Cañamares (2002). (shrink)

It seems plausible that successfully communicating with our peers requires entertaining the same thoughts as they do. We argue that this view is incompatible with other, independently plausible principles of thought individuation. Our argument is based on a puzzle inspired by the Kripkean story of Peter and Paderewski: having developed several variations of the original story, we conclude that understanding and communication cannot be modeled as a process of thought transfer between speaker and hearer. While we are not the first (...) to reach this conclusion, the significance of our argument lies in the fact that it only relies on widely accepted premises, without depending on any especially controversial theory of mental and linguistic content. We conclude by drawing out the implications of that conclusion: if communication and understanding do not require thought identity, then one important motivation for the postulation of inter-personally shared thoughts is undercut. (shrink)

In this paper, I assess whether indexical attitudes, e.g. beliefs and desires, have any special properties or present any special challenge to theories of propositional attitudes. I being by investigating the claim that allegedly problematic indexical cases are just instances of the familiar phenomenon of referential opacity. Regardless of endorsing that claim, I provide an argument to the effect that indexical attitudes do have a special property. My argument relies on the fact that one cannot account for what is it (...) to share someone else’s indexical attitudes without rejecting some plausible thesis about propositional attitudes. In the end, I assess Herman Cappelen and Josh Dever’s considerations on intentional action and extract an argument from them that could – if successful – neutralize my own. I finish by arguing that their argument has an important flaw, thus failing to convince us that indexical attitudes are just as ordinary as any other. (shrink)

I discuss a criterion for successful communication between a speaker and a hearer put forward by Buchanan according to which there is communicative success only if the hearer entertains, as a result of interpreting the speaker's utterance, a thought that has the same truth conditions as the thought asserted by the speaker and, furthermore, does so in virtue of recognizing the speaker's communicative intentions. I argue, against Buchanan, that the data on which it is based are compatible with a view (...) involving Fregean modes of presentation. In the second part of the article I critically discuss Unnsteinsson's claim that communicative success depends on the absence of contextually salient false distinctness beliefs about the subject matter of the conversation. I argue that this thesis leads to clearly counterintuitive consequences and that no fundamental role must be given to the presence or absence of false distinctness beliefs in one's account of successful communication. The upshot is that we should stick with Buchanan's criterion. I conclude by employing Strawson and Recanati's concepts of linking and merging to show how the criterion I favour is compatible with the fact that, when subjects hold no relevant false distinctness beliefs, communicative success does not seem to be disrupted by the hearer seemingly failing to recognize the speaker's intentions. (shrink)

I suggest a solution to a conflict between semantic internalism – according to which the concepts one expresses are determined by one's use of representations – and publicity – according to which, if two subjects successfully communicate or are in genuine agreement, then they entertain thoughts constituted by the same concepts. My solution rests on the thesis that there can be successful communication and genuine agreement between thinkers employing distinct concepts as long as there is a certain relation (of conceptually (...) guaranteed sameness of extension) between them. In section 2, I motivate semantic internalism and show how it conflicts with publicity. In section 3, I carve the logical space of possible solutions to the conflict into liberal and conservative solutions. Section 4 assesses Wikforss's conservative solution to Burge's arthritis thought‐experiment and concludes that it fails for more than one reason. Section 5 introduces a new case study involving a deferential concept. This case serves as the backdrop for my positive account offered in section 6. The conclusion of the article is preceded by a comparison of my view with another recently proposed by Recanati (section 7) and some replies to possible objections (section 8). (shrink)

According to a recently developed family of relational views, whether two concepts C1 and C2 are the same is a matter of an external relation in which their tokens stand. In this paper, we highlight the chief contributions of Relationism in the elucidation of concept sameness, present a set of arguments to the effect that relational accounts of concept sameness fail to accommodate a substantive notion of concept publicity, and offer a diagnosis of this result. We conclude that the strengths (...) of non-relational approaches will also need to be considered in order to fully capture what it means for a concept to be public. (shrink)

In this article, we aim to describe the crucial role of the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) in the interaction between what we term the ‘emotional imperative’ and the interference of reason during the decision-making process in António Damásio’s work Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Firstly, we examine the interaction between reasoning, emotions, and human action, with emphasis on the cognitive processes underlying decisionmaking. Next, we explore the influence of emotional and biological factors on SMH, going beyond cost-benefit (...) analysis, highlighting the relevance of memory and mental representations in the decision-making process. Subsequently, we address the influence of SMH, emotions, and feelings on decisions, especially in scenarios of risk and immediate reward, emphasizing the need to consider immediate and future implications. Following this, we investigate somatic markers in neural terms, discussing whether they are innate or acquired and their influence on social behavior and brain lesions. Finally, we analyze the relationship between brain processes, such as the prefrontal cortices, and the interpretation of bodily sensations, emotional responses, and decisionmaking, accentuating the importance of these regions in assimilating somatic markers and their influence on thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. We conclude that SMH is seen as a biological mechanism that integrates emotional and cognitive information, shaping evaluations and choices. -/- . (shrink)

Critique and Affirmation in Erich Fromm explores the relations between Erich Fromm's theory and practice in politics and the psychoanalytic clinic - their points of continuity and contradiction. Drawing on a systematic reading of Fromm's published output, as well as extensive research in the Fromm archives, Matheus Romanetto extracts the fragments of ontology, logic, and ethics implicit in his writings, leading to a re-evaluation of Fromm's place in 20th century intellectual history. Interpolated with the theoretical argument are three historical (...) excursi thematizing Fromm's practice in political life, religious life, and the psychoanalytic clinic, setting the grounds for a new political sociology of radical humanism and critical theory. Critique and Affirmation in Erich Fromm will be of great interest to psychoanalysts and to academics and scholars of psychoanalytic studies, sociology, contemporary philosophy, political theory, and critical theory. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo é tomar o pensamento de Schopenhauer como estudo de caso e ponto de partida para discutir em que medida o “pessimismo” pode ser fundamentado e reinterpretado segundo “razões objetivas”, conceitualmente filosóficas. Para intérpretes como Christopher Janaway e Frederick Beiser, a legitimidade filosófica do pessimismo schopenhaueriano, atribuído à tese de que a vida é um negócio que não cobre os custos do investimento, é garantida pelas implicações inferidas da metafísica da Vontade. Por outro lado, Kuno Fischer, acompanhado dentre outros (...) por Bryan Magee, reinterpreta tal pessimismo a partir de “razões subjetivas”, pautadas em certas disposições de espírito ou preferências, como a relação conflituosa de Schopenhauer com sua mãe, por exemplo. A dificuldade em determinar mais precisamente a fundamentação do pessimismo de Schopenhauer redobra se considerarmos estudos que seguem uma tendência oposta e classificam esse autor como um “otimista”; Heinz Gerd Ingenkamp pode ser apontado como representante dessa vertente interpretativa. Se tal dificuldade se deve, como supomos a princípio, ao inevitável anacronismo que permeia a maior parte das discussões sobre o suposto pessimismo de Schopenhauer acerca do valor da existência, propomos minimizá-lo mediante um procedimento exegético que indicamos aqui ainda em linhas gerais. (shrink)

This is a critical notice of Mario Gómez-Torrente's novel account of demonstrative reference presented in chapter 2 of the recently published book Roads to Reference. After presenting the main tenets of his view, I go on to critically examine a couple of its features. In section 2, I assess Gómez-Torrente’s assumption that demonstrative thought based on perception is less likely to succumb to indeterminacy than the others. I show that this aspect of his view invites unwelcome consequences regarding the transparency (...) of thought. I do however suggest that this problem could be overcome by individuating perceptual intentions dynamically. In section 3, I express a distinct worry regarding a case, introduced en passant by Gómez-Torrente, that involves successful demonstrative reference regardless of its utterer's conflicting intentions, a result that seems to contradict his general theory. Instead of conceiving the case as exceptional, I use it to motivate the necessity of distinguishing between a subject’s referential intentions and a subject’s merely collateral beliefs about the target of his utterance. (shrink)

Mechanisms play a crucial role in scientific research across various disciplines, and philosophers of science have devoted significant effort into understanding their ontology and epistemology. This paper examines the relationship between mechanisms and phenomena, highlighting the inherent dependence of mechanistic delineation on the characterization of phenomena. By acknowledging that characterizing phenomena is influenced by pragmatic considerations and research interests, the paper argues that mechanistic inquiry is inherently shaped by researchers’ perspectives. This dependence raises concerns about the possibility of a realist (...) view of mechanisms. To address these concerns, the paper explores how top-down constraints, rooted in researchers’ interests and pragmatic concerns, can be balanced by bottom-up constraints derived from empirical considerations. In conclusion, I argue that the interplay between these constraints forms an empirical and realist counterweight to the perspectival nature of top-down constraints. (shrink)

Traditionally, philosophers consider the question of whether episodic memory and imagination belong to the same kind (the (dis)continuism problem) as ultimately depending on the causality question - i.e., whether remembering requires a causal connection to the past event. In this framework, if memory is a simulation process (as claimed by simulationism) and does not require a causal connection, then it is sufficiently similar to imagination and, thus, continuism follows. On the other hand, if a causal connection is necessary for memory (...) (as defended by causalism), then there are fundamental differences between memory and imagination and, thus, discontinuism follows. In contrast with this framework, I will argue that such entanglement is due to a failure of clearly delineating issues of explanation and classification. By distinguishing these matters more explicitly, I conclude that continuism is the better alternative for classification purposes, while maintaining that causalism is still necessary for explaining how memory works. (shrink)

This article revisits the concept of the dividual, taking as a starting point Deleuze’s diagnosis about the relevance that dividual practices have gained with the advent of biotechnology and digital culture. Although we agree with this diagnosis, we highlight the intersections between the dividual and the individual both in Modernity and in the present time. The contemporary dividual is in tension with the modern individual, but not as a substitution, division or duplication of the individual. Rather, we state a complex (...) dividual-individual composition, focusing on biotechnologies, digital culture and financial capitalism. Following a Foucauldian approach, we understand this composition as a result of technologies of power and the result of certain modes of subjectivation. In dialogue with Simondon’s theory of individuation, we suggest that the dividual takes part in a new mode of subjectivation which can be named a ‘dividuation’ in the context of technologically mediated experiences. (shrink)

The economy is part of everyday life in modern societies and is a crucial determinant of social well-being. For this reason, it is important to observe how economic determinants can influence a fundamental social phenomenon: faith. This paper analyzes how economic determinants influence international pilgrimages to the Shrine of Fátima (Portugal). A data panel from 2008 to 2022 was constructed, and a panel ARDL model was estimated. The results confirm the relationship between economics and homo religiosus. The cost of transportation, (...) national income, unemployment, globalization, and inflation influence the international pilgrimages to Fátima. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility refers to the duty of management to consider and respond to issues beyond the organization’s economic and legal requirements in line with social and environmental values. However, ‘management’ is constituted by real people responsible for routine decisions and formulation and implementation of policies. It can be said therefore that the ethical ideals and beliefs of these individuals – in particular their personal values – play an important role in their decisions. It is contended in this article that (...) the personal values of managers may contribute to the creation and maintenance of ‘CSR cultures’ in their organizations; that is, organizational cultures focused on ensuring environmental and social sustainability. Based on an exploratory study carried out in Brazil in 2008, this article explores the perceptions of five CSR managers in relation to the influence of their personal values on their work. The first part discusses the notion of CSR within the context of Brazilian society, the second provides a brief literature review on the link between values and organizational cultures and the third explores the perceptions of the participating managers, identifying the main thematic patterns that emerged in the study. (shrink)

A economia faz parte do cotidiano das sociedades e suas relações interferem diretamente no bem-estar social. Por essa razão, é importante verificar como determinantes econômicos podem influenciar um fenômeno de fé. Neste artigo, analisamos como as peregrinações internacionais ao Santuário de Fátima (Portugal) são afetadas por fatores econômicos. Foi construído um painel de dados estatísticos de 2008 a 2022. Um modelo em painel ARDL foi estimado. Os resultados confirmam a relação entre a economia e o _homo religiosus_. As peregrinações internacionais (...) à Fátima são influenciadas pelo custo de transporte, renda, desemprego, globalização e inflação. (shrink)

Given both the phenomenological and cognitive similarities between episodic memory and imagination, it’s difficult to say how we can reliably distinguish them at their moment of retrieval. Several memory markers have thus been proposed, which are characteristics that would reliably indicate to the subject that her mental state is an instance of memory. While the question of what exactly constitutes these memory markers is still an issue to be settled, there is also the more general question of whether they can (...) be reliable at all. In the present paper, I have identified two theses about the latter issue (the reliability and unreliability theses) and have argued that the main cause of disagreement between them lies on their different assumptions on how beliefs about our own mental states are formed, i.e. what are the underlying metacognitive mechanisms responsible for self-attribution of mental states. These different views on metacognition were then further investigated with regards to their use of metarepresentations and their general agreement with recent cognitive psychology research. These analyses corroborate the reliability of certain kinds of memory markers in distinguishing between memory and imagination. (shrink)

Today’s philosophers of memory are split between continuists, who claim that episodic memory (EM) and imagination (EI) belong to the same natural kind, and discontinuists, who defend that they don’t. This abstract considers how assumptions about which mechanisms are relevant for natural kindness shape this discussion. If the argument is in the right track, the (dis)continuism debate should be characterized as a verbal dispute about the important mechanisms for EM and EI.

No presente artigo, constata-se o modo como o ensino de filosofia no Brasil, visto como educação maior, é utilizado como ferramenta da inculcação de um arbitrário cultural a partir de uma análise bourdieuana do sistema de ensino. Chegou-se à conclusão que a prioridade conferida ao texto clássico de filosofia no ensino médio é um modo de reprodução das mesmas estruturas sociais que permitem a impossibilidade de ascensão social. Com isso, é proposta uma educação menor, cuja constituição fundamental é a relação (...) entre professor e aluno, capaz de subverter as características da educação maior. Para tanto, foram analisados os textos de Sílvio Gallo (2002; 2006), os quais apontam para a valorização do capital cultural dos alunos, o incentivo à criação autônoma de conceitos e escolha de autoras e autores não canônicos como ferramentas de subversão dos mecanismos da educação maior. (shrink)

Neste artigo, defenderei que o recurso à imagem de Giges que é feita por Glauco no livro II da República de Platão serve ao propósito de demonstrar que, dada a ambição (πλεονεξία) que é própria à natureza humana, a concessão de um poder ilimitado a quem quer que seja conduz fatalmente à tirania. Antes disso, contudo, reconstruirei a hipótese de Glauco para a origem da justiça e por fim sustentarei como Glauco, ao final do seu discurso, procura superar o plano (...) alegórico do relato que ele faz de Giges, sem, por outro lado, renunciar aos princípios que ali são postulados. Com isso, pretendo também mostrar que o discurso de Glauco constitui uma unidade minimamente consistente. Palavras-chave: Glauco; Giges; Técnica; Tirania. Glaucon’s speech and the birth of the tyrant in Republic II Abstract: In this article, I argue that Glaucon's use of the image of Gyges in Book II of Plato's Republic is intended to demonstrate that, given the human tendency towards ambition (πλεονεξία), the granting of unlimited power to anyone inevitably leads to tyranny. Before that, I first explain Glaucon’s hypothesis for the origin of justice. Then, I maintain how Glaucon attempts to go beyond the allegorical level of the Gyges story in his speech's conclusion, while still holding onto the principles presented therein. Through this, I aim to demonstrate that Glaucon's speech is a consistent unit. Key-words: Glaucon; Gyges; Skill; Tyranny. Le discour de Glaucon et la naissance du tyrant dans le livre II de la République Résumé: Dans cet article, je soutiendrai que l'utilisation de l'image de Gygès par Glaucon dans le Livre II de La République de Platon vise à démontrer que, compte tenu de la tendance humaine à l'ambition (πλεονεξία), l'octroi d'un pouvoir illimité à quiconque conduit inévitablement à la tyrannie. Avant cela, j'expliquerai d'abord l'hypothèse de Glaucon sur l'origine de la justice. Ensuite, je maintiendrai comment Glaucon cherche à dépasser le niveau allégorique de l'histoire de Gygès dans la conclusion de son discours, tout en conservant les principes présentés dans celui-ci. Ainsi, je vise à démontrer que le discours de Glaucon constitue une unité cohérente. Mots-clés: Glaucon; Gygès; Expertise; Tyrannie. Data de registro: 01/08/2023 Data de aceite: 22/11/2023. (shrink)

Resenha do livro: STUTCHKA, Piotr. O papel revolucionário do direito e do Estado: teoria geral do direito. Org. Moisés Alves Soares, Ricardo Prestes Pazello. Trad.Paula Vaz de Almeida. São Paulo: Contracorrente, 2023. 397 p.

The aim of the present paper is to show that presentism cannot answer the truthmaker objection in a satisfactory manner. For such, two main categories of presentist solutions were studied: the first kind states that truthmakers can’t provide any objection to presentism, while the second type tries to ground past truths by postulating new ontological categories, which were rejected, mainly because of their use of ad hoc ontologies. Also, I showed how the presentist should adopt antirealism about the past in (...) case she wants to maintain a simple ontology. Being that said, I conclude that presentism cannot offer satisfactory truthmakers to past truths. (shrink)

Os sistemas e objetos tecnológicos pelos quais os modos de vida são inundados na atualidade são elementos imprescindíveis tanto para a análise crítica quanto para a compreensão do tipo de sociedade a que se almeja pela participação democrática. Diante disso, se opta por pontos de vistas diametralmente opostos: as tecnologias são necessariamente boas e contribuem para o desenvolvimento humano ou são, por outro lado, mecanismos de desumanização gradual. O objetivo desta escrita é demarcar a possibilidade de uma crítica efetiva a (...) tecnologia sem abdicar de seu caráter ontológico, quando apoiada na necessidade da técnica para a transformação do mundo e construção de um espaço próprio a realização da vida humana. Para isso, buscou-se no conteúdo filosófico da obra de Milton Santos, pistas para compreender os conceitos de fetichismo da mercadoria e da tecnologia, de modo a reconstituir a relação mais direta e ativa dos sujeitos com o mundo, o espaço no qual realizam suas vidas, condição na qual o capitalismo opera uma mistificação sobre os objetos e os sujeitos. Conclui-se que um olhar a partir do espaço geográfico torna-se relevante para a análise da tecnologia, tendo em vista que congrega não só a estrutura de significado pela qual nossas ações são constituídas, mas os efeitos concretos, no espaço, dos sistemas de ações e objetos ligados a determinada vetorização de um poder que articula ideologicamente nossa relação com o mundo. Não é a tecnologia por si uma problemática, mas o modo pelo qual ela adquire valor em nosso contexto de vida. (shrink)

Smith's contribution to the discussion on market economics and its relationship with moral and politics is discussed in this article. It is argued that the author's economic approach is incorporated into the concept of natural liberty and that free trade represents his response to the feudal system to prevent corruption and inequality. The text focuses on reconstructing the Scottish philosopher's economic defense of market economics, including his criticisms of regulatory wage policies, guild systems, and grain provision. It is argued that (...) these policies violate individual justice and freedom norms and hinder economic growth. Individual freedom is defended by Smith as a natural right and a form of emancipation from domination relations in the economic sphere. In summary, the article offers a general perspective on how the author employs the concepts of freedom and economic well-being to defend liberal reform against feudal mercantile practices. (shrink)

No contexto da restauração da democracia ateniense no séc. IV AEC, Isócrates e Platão instituíram duas das mais proeminentes escolas filosóficas da Antiguidade e certamente as duas mais importantes do Período Clássico. Em alguma medida influenciados pela moralidade socrática voltada para o debate das virtudes, ambos são radicais opositores dos sofistas de seu tempo e do século anterior, que promoviam, segundo eles, uma educação erística ora imoral ora lisonjeadora. Com o objetivo de oferecer novas alternativas pedagógicas para a formação política (...) dos jovens, tanto Isócrates como Platão propõem, sob a alcunha de philosophia, modelos de paideia orientados para o bem comum, a justiça e a idoneidade. Há, no entanto, uma fundamental disputa ideológica em torno de cada uma dessas filosofias. A fim de se opor à retórica sofística, o idealismo da filosofia platônica, como sabemos, vale-se do método dialético para que o verdadeiro conhecimento (episteme) das virtudes morais seja alcançado, promovendo assim a justiça e o bem comum da pólis. O pragmatismo isocrático, ao contrário, delineia a filosofia como uma paideia dos discursos cívicos, em que somente as boas opiniões (doxai) seriam capazes de melhor orientar a cidade com razoabilidade para as ações a serem tomadas, em detrimento de uma episteme platônica que nada serviria para a política. Discutiremos, portanto, esses e outros aspectos dessa disputa ideológica entre Isócrates e Platão, buscando verificar como ocorre essa querela ao longo dos textos a eles atribuídos, além de apontar em que medida a relação entre suas doutrinas filosóficas foram determinantes para os contornos da Filosofia e da Retórica na posteridade. (shrink)

This article’s jumping-off point is the highly incisive but often-ignored claim by the French doctor, Louis-Jacques Tanon, in 1922 that rats acted as plague reservoirs in Paris; in other words, that they harboured the plague bacillus but were refractory to it. This claim partially reframed the fight against this disease in the French capital in the 1920s, which became more centred on surveilling the plague reservoir rather than on destroying rats. Drawing upon Tanon’s hypothesis, this article explores the emergence, evolution, (...) and several iterations of the idea of disease reservoirs in the early twentieth century. On the one hand, it describes the crafting of a range of ideas with which Tanon was directly or indirectly dialoguing, namely, that rats could present a stage called chronic plague, which was especially developed in India; and that human populations, especially children, acted as sources or reservoirs of malaria in Sierra Leone and Algeria. On the other hand, this article shows how Tanon created original reasoning by combining and reformulating some of these ideas and applying them to Paris. Thus, this article contributes to the early history of reasoning in terms of disease reservoirs, as well as presenting a more dynamic history of microbiology by showing how concepts crafted in the “Rest” found their place in Europe. (shrink)

In the text Critique of the Foundations of Psychology (1928) Georges Politzer (1903-1942) sought to investigate the epistemological bases of some currents of psychology. His intention was to reorient psychological studies toward a concreteconception. By analyzing Gestalt theory, Behaviorism, and Psychoanalysis, Politzer outlined a project of concrete psychology with some principles that guide possible perspectives of studies on psychological phenomena. His principles consist instudying psychological facts through the prism of the first person and consider man in his drama. Despite being (...) Hungarian, the author walked his political and intellectual path in France in the 20th century, a time when Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) focusedon psychological phenomena under the prism of phenomenology, proposing an Existential Psychoanalysis at the end of Being and Nothingness (1943). In this sense, we will verify to what extent the Sartrian theory can contemplate Politzer’s principlesof a concrete psychology. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to delve into the epistemological challenge surrounding the qualitative and quantitative aspects of belief and credence through a decision-theoretic framework: belief emerges as a cognitive process balancing the urge for information and the fear of error. The first part is primarily historical, and delves into the philosophy of science and its concern about the acceptance of probabilistic hypothesis. In the second part, the focus shifts from the philosophy of science to contemporary epistemology, specifically the (...) rationality of belief and credence. The main outcome of this paper lies in highlighting how the decision-theoretic approach illuminates the nature of belief rationality, exploring the connection between belief and credence, the context-dependent nature of belief, and the significance of deductive closure as rational requirements. (shrink)

Frege’s puzzling remarks on the beginning of On Sense and Reference challenge us to explain how true identity sentences of the form a = a can differ in cognitive value from sentences of the form a = b when they are made true by the same object’s self-identity. Some philosophers (e.g. Almog, Glezakos and Paganini) suggest that the puzzle cannot be set up in the context of natural languages since natural sentences, unlike those of regimented formal ones, do not wear (...) their logical properties on their sleeves. In this paper we argue that, on the contrary, there exists a notion of coordination between names which is apt to track the relevant logical properties of natural sentences and therefore to set up the puzzle in natural languages. Frege’s puzzle is here to stay. (shrink)

In this work, we will try to outline the position of desire and representation in the constitution of the capture apparatus of the imperial machine. For this, we will try to represent the way in which the libido itself is represented both in the primitive socius and in the barbarian socius. To carry out this path, we will start from two base texts: the first will be The Anti-Oedipus, where we trace the genesis of production, registration and consumption; together with (...) the text by Thousand Plateaus entitled The Capturing Apparatus, where we highlight the movement of the State's genesis and how, its conception is indifferent to the notion of the modern subject, as it is based on the flows of desire and on its ideal and concrete representations. In addition to this outline, we will seek to establish the influences of Marx and Engels on the conceptions of Deleuze and Guattari, in spite of the process of reflection about the genesis of the State. For this, we take the bibliographies of Marx and Engels indicated by the French authors – referenced in the two texts cited above – in their description of the genesis of the capture apparatus that is the State. Such works are specifically: A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy, The German Ideology and the Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts. (shrink)

This article explores the interrelation between the Dionysian artistic impulse, human nature, and Greek culture in the early works of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). With a focus on the significance of the human-nature connection, it highlights the anthropological conception of ancient tragic thought and the recognition of the role of instincts in the production of tragic art. The Dionysian artistic impulse, linked by Nietzsche to the vital drive of creation and destruction, presents, in its celebration of the reconciliation between humans and (...) nature, existential aspects fundamental to humanity that have been neglected by Western tradition. In its artistic dimension, the Dionysian is also expressed as an instinct, fostering a bodily and spiritual connection through which the tragic artist becomes a work of art. In its vital dimension, the Dionysian promotes the dissolution of individual subjectivity, returning one to their primordial nature and reconnection with animality. The denial of these artistic elements by the Socratic spirit led to the forgetting of human nature itself, resulting in the distortion of artistic creation and consequently, the decline of tragedy. In this context, Socrates' proposition of renouncing instinctual nature in favor of intellectual life is contrasted by Nietzsche, who, through the tragic perspective, argues that humans do not transcend their animal nature but remain subject to it, connected to animality. Thus, Nietzsche positions himself in the anthropological debate in opposition to the philosophical tradition initiated by Socrates. (shrink)

The quasi-ubiquity of ICT is transforming contemporary politics and seems to deteriorate democracy, for the technologies undermine debates, contest the grounds of reason and truth, and influence people’s votes. Donald Trump’s election and Brexit are good examples of their effects on public opinion. More fundamentally, these technologies cause theoretical problems to the way we traditionally conceive public opinion. Thus, I seek to rethink public opinion beyond conventional approaches. Departing from Deleuze and Guattari’s work, I develop the first steps of a (...) post-representational theory of public opinion as a regime of political truths that has new dimensions of truth production with information and communications technologies. (shrink)

It is certainly well accepted that formal models play a key role in scientific job. Its use goes from natural sciences like physics and even to social sciences like economics and politics. Using mathematics allows the researcher to consider more complicated scenarios involving several variables. Some models are developed to make predictions, others to describe a phenomena, or just to improve the explanation of events in the world. But what has all this to do with philosophy? The aim of the (...) present paper is to investigate debates on the role of formal models in a specific philosophical subject, precisely, the epistemology of rationality. Are we able to explain why models are needed in epistemological work? This answer will be addressed on the assumptions that epistemological theorizing is committed with normative statements. More specifically, epistemologists are concerned with normative questions about what rationality requires from epistemic agents. The first goal is to discuss some assumptions about the role of mathematical models in formal epistemology undertaking. And secondly, I will argue for the following two claims: formal models are useful tools for predicting consequences of normative assumption about what is intuitively required by rationality; and insofar rationality theory is normative in virtue of being instrumentalist and aiming at truth, formal models are means-end tools, therefore, for rationality, mathematical models are devices for maximizing truth in doxastic states. (shrink)

This article aims to produce a perusal of the archaeological investigation undertaken by Michel Foucault as a diagnostic work of the present. This posture seeks to establish a critique of the dominant anthropological thinking in the French scenario of the nineteen sixties. For this task, we describe the conceptual apparatus forged in the Archeology of Knowledge to follow a double movement of strong Nietzschean presence: at the same time that Foucault makes his critique of the humanisms that permeate the current (...) philosophical thinking, he rehearses another way of thinking, freed from anthropological bonds and from any founding instance. (shrink)

This article problematizes work practices with children, analyzing especially adult-centric practices and the ways in which they characterize public policies aimed at childhood in Brazil. Our study was based on the cartography method, which made it possible to monitor the uncertain psychosocial landscapes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. It used methodological concepts from Institutional Analysis and the Sociology of Childhood, which intersected with elements of Afroperspectivist philosophy, such as represented among the Ibeji and the Erês. The methodological tool adopted was (...) the Conversation Circle, carried out online, which operated as a group apparatus characterized by welcoming and sharing, where it was possible to gather and analyze data on adult-centric practices among workers from different public agencies in health, social assistance and education, aimed at children in the state of Espírito Santo. Research diaries were also produced, which were referred to in the analytic process. The text identifies several aspects of Erean adult’s views of childhood, and offers insight into the knowledge and practices that contribute to the process of becoming-Erê, a possibility that can be exercised at any stage of life. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, delinear o cerne do debate em Filosofia da Mente a respeito do problema da identidade pessoal ao longo do tempo. Para isso, tratarei da identidade pessoal e seus problemas, discutindo a importância do debate, definindo os principais conceitos para uma melhor investigação e dando um breve panorama histórico do problema na modernidade, bem como os principais eixos de resposta, dando ênfase à tradição lockeana que se fundamenta na memória. Em seguida analisarei o critério psicológico (...) de Derek Parfit, que também se baseia na memória, mas questiona sua suficiência. Argumento ao final que a complexidade das teorias contemporâneas sobre a memória episódica exige uma revisão crítica das considerações de Parfit e de outros defensores do critério psicológico da memória, o que, consequentemente, pode levar a necessidade de novos critérios para preservar a identidade pessoal ao longo do tempo. (shrink)

Situado no norte da África durante a antiguidade tardia, o pensamento político de Santo Agostinho não está sistematizado em um conjunto teórico de obras. É fruto de sua reflexão sobre problemas concretos como a legitimidade de intervenção estatal em querelas religiosas como o conflito entre católicos e donatistas. A visão agostiniana de Estado prevê um engajamento do cristão na esfera política, não no sentido da teocracia medieval, mas tendo em vista sua purificação moral. Acredita que ele deva intervir na esfera (...) privada da fé para evitar a violência extrema, mas não crê que suas instituições possam ser justas se não orientadas pela verdadeira piedade da fé cristã. Para Agostinho uma das razões para a decadência social de Roma é sua crença em falsas narrativas que não levaram os cidadãos a um crescimento moral autêntico, no que em sua visão a Igreja pode e deve colaborar com o Estado. (shrink)

For centuries pilgrimages are present in Christianity. For Catholics, the importance of devotions and visits to the Marian sanctuaries is indisputable. The number of visitors and pilgrims to these temples make the local economy an important destination of religious tourism. In order to understand the economic determinants of religious tourism, two sanctuaries were studied, namely, Aparecida and Fatima. Given the large collection of statistical information of the Portuguese Sanctuary, it was verified through the Vector Autoregressive model that Gross Domestic Product (...) and Unemployment have a causal unidirectional relation with the pilgrimages. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model revealed that an increase in Gross Domestic Product and international arrivals in the short term positively impacts the number of pilgrims. Through the Ordinary Least Squares regression, significant statistical relationships between climatic factors and visitors in the Sanctuary of Fatima were found. The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average forecast method was applied to the number of monthly visitors to the Sanctuary of Aparecida and to the number of pilgrims in the Sanctuary of Fatima, the results show a strong seasonality and that the first and last months of the year are periods of low demand. The results of this study allow a new look at religious tourism in the Marian context, the empirical results allow those responsible for establishing public policies, tourism agents and the administration of the Sanctuaries to direct their actions. Measures planned and executed jointly between the various agents can benefit residents, visitors, pilgrims, the tourism sector, the local economy and the Sanctuaries themselves. (shrink)